|
In 9C - 12C the southern Tajikistan regions entered into the composition of Khuttal and Rasht (it corresponds to Karotegin). Emirs of Khuttal and Rasht preserved their independence and politically more greatly gravitated towards to the regions, which lie south of Amu-Darya, than to remaining Maverannahr (after river Amu-Darya, Arabian). Even to the court of powerful Samanid they sent, according to the medieval historian, "only gifts, but not tax".
Complete break with the traditions of Pre-Muslim culture in Khuttal, apparently, did not occur. It is known that even in 12C the emirs of Khuttal with the pride raised themselves clam to czar of Sasanid Varakhran 5 (420 - 438) - to Bahram Gur. In the artistic culture of pre-Mongol Khuttal found direct reflection its political orientation: its art is most intimately connected with the art of the state of Gaznevid. Especially it is very evident from the example of the artistic decoration of ceremonial accommodations - both secular and cult. On the exhibition are represented the materials from the palace buildings of two fortifications of this time - Kurbanshaid and Sayod, whose excavations were many years conducted by Y. G. Gulyamov.
Large scientific and artistic value present in the treasure of metalwork of 10C - 12C obtained on the fortification Lagman - ruins of city of Halevard. And finally on the exhibition are shown objects from the excavations of Bazar-dara - settlement of miners on the eastern Pamir, and also independent findings.
Kurbanshaid fortification is located in 7 km to the north-northwest from center of region to Vose and now almost wholly located under the contemporary building. Medieval Hulbuk, to which corresponds this fortification, occupied enormous area, its only center section was about 70 ha. Citadel was located in the southwestern part of the city.
In the territory of strictly city (Shahristan) were conducted excavations comparatively modest by the volume, but citadel was excavated now almost completely. Both on the citadel and on Shahristan the majority of buildings were built from the fired brick; raw brick sometimes adapted in the combination with the fired, sometimes independently. The walls of the buildings covered with white or colored plastering, from the burnt tiles laid out themselves hem with the complex patterns. In the city there were many workshops and water supply functioned.
Rectangular citadel (50 m x 150 m) is two-part; its southern part (50 m x 50 m), which is raised above the surrounding locality on 15 m, is excavated almost completely; northern part is lower (difference of approximately 5 m in the levels).
The palace, which survived two life periods, was located on the citadel. Initially it had three-part composition- planning diagram, then at the time buildings were built on the same level. In the center was located the extensive court paved by fired brick, and large reservoir served as for organizing center of arrangement. Along the perimeter of court were located the accommodations, which were opened to the reservoir by Ayvan. Ceremonial accommodations decorated with the panels, made from carved stucco, the walls of Ayvan covered painting.
Accommodations were grouped with the open light cavity. Walls were adobes, hem were lined by tiles. The figured floor of light cavity is especially effective (inscribed one in another the rectangles, divided inside into the squares). On the internal perimeter was arranged the gallery open to the side of court, the roof of which rested on the columns. The walls of court were covered with shallow carved stucco - it is more graphical than three-dimensional - by pattern (in the early stage); for the change it stucco with the deeper carving comes (after repair and reconstruction).
The southern part of the citadel was completely reconstructed after strong fire in 11C: the ruins of the burnt palace were leveled and formed the platform, on which this part of the palace was built anew. In this case the planning principally changed: in the new palace it consisted of two being intersected corridors, while ceremonial, habitable and economic accommodations were concentrated into four formed angles. New palace was considerably higher than the court and reservoir, that adjoined it from the north. Accordingly, the corridor, located along the axis the north - south, sharply rose near the entrance, which leads from the court (i.e. in the northern part). Accommodations in this part of the palace were reconstructed at least three times, and their each time they were decorated with carved stucco panels and ornamental painting. In all during the excavations of Khulibuk were discovered more than five thousand fragments of carved stucco, including by entire or almost entire panels. Geometric, plant, zoological and epigraphical motives are extraordinarily various and are combined between themselves in not less various combinations. The masters of Hulbuk of artistic carving on alabaster skillfully used colors, achieving special artistic effect by the coloring not only of the basic surfaces of carved panels, but also the deep sections of background.
From the traditions of time of Pre-Islam arises the topical painting with images of musicians, which was discovered here. Its discovery has fundamental value, although such paintings are found thus far a little.
Artistic articles made of the metal, enormous collections of remarkable glassware, glazed and stamped ceramics, articles made of the stone, collections of chess figures from the ivory and other findings from Hulbuk from 9C to the beginning of 13C give bright and sufficiently complete idea about the applied skill of this period.
Fortification Sayod (in 18 km to the southwest from the settlement Hamadoni Khatlon province), located on the shore of Panj, relates to the same time and acquaints us approximately with the same area of artistic monuments, as the ruins of Hulbuk.
The dimensions of this fortification - 1,5 km x 0,8 km, but excavations were not produced here in the citadel. But in the territory strictly of the city: is excavated one of the separate buildings (50 m x 50 m) with the central court (25 m x 25 m) and around it the habitable and economic accommodations (40 in all) were located on the perimeter. The majorities of accommodations and also the external walls faced to the court were continuously decorated carved stucco, whose safety here is considerably better than on Kurbanshaid fortification.
Ceremonial accommodations were located in the southern part of the building. In the accommodation ? 19 (stucco panels on the walls were preserved here to the height almost of 1.5m), in the western wall was arranged the niche of Mihrab, whose arch rests on the three-fourths columns with the figured capitals (they are decorated with the images of tulips).; Arched niche was arranged in turn in the rectangular ornamental dome-like framing, and facility floor rested on Tromp, decorated with the sealed acanthuses (carved stucco). Other ceremonial accommodations were richly and diversely decorated. And an interesting bath adjoined them for facilities.
On the carved stucco in Sayod (as on Khulibuk) is characteristic the high professional level of masters. Construction of ornamental compositions is confident and irreproachably precise. They were always considering arrangement in the decoration of building and substantial works of stucco decoration by zoological motives (lions, bird, fish, etc.). And they finally possessed skill of the entire range of the effects and reached the coloring of carved panels. As in Khulibuk, here also were found the remainders of topical wall painting.
Apparently, not all buildings on Sayod fortification had this magnificent artistic decoration: another, also separate building, which were excavated here, repeated the same planning diagram (square of buildings, which surround central square court), but it was in every respect (including on the artistic decoration) considerably modest.
The excavations, which was conducted here since 1970 by „^. „C. „C„…„|„‘„}„€„r„p, gave also a large quantity of artistic articles made of the ceramics, glass, bronze, in many respects of correlated each other with the findings on the fortification Kurbanshaid.
Lagman fortification in the Valley of Vakhsh (settlement of Uzun 12 km northwest of city of Kolkhozabad, on the very shore of Vakhsh) - it is remainders of the city of Halevard, capital of the region of Vakhsh in 10C - 12C. The fortification is rectangular (900 m x of 640 m), protected from three sides by powerful defensive walls with the towers and ditches (from the fourth side, along the high and precipitous shore of Vakhsh, there is no wall), had four gates. A small scale excavations (first T. I. Zeimal in 1957 and 1962, then in 1980 - 1981 B. S. Solovev) made it possible to establish that the city arose in 2C - 4C and also continued to exist in 6C - 8C. But its greatest bloom comes to 10C - beginning of 13C - the period, which precedes the Mongolian invasion, after which the city of Halevard (as many other settlement in the Valley of Vakhsh) went to ruin. The inhabitants of the village of Uzun, located on the territory of the fortification, constantly found the earthwork dishes, coin, metalwork and other objects of 10C - 12C. Some of such findings are the large treasure of bronze articles of 10C - 12C (lamps, censer and another dishes) - they were transmitted in 1968 into the institute of the history named A. Donisha AN of Republic Tajikistan.
Bazardara - settlement of the miners of 11C on the eastern Pamir, on the height of 3900 m above sea level (to the River Okjilga, region of Murgab of mining - Badakhshan autonomous region), consists of two parts. The central part, enclosed rock wall and performed the role of caravan- shed (area of approximately 400m2, it is excavated completely). And strictly the settlement (area of approximately 1 ha), which consisted of 80 - 85 houses, in each of which had three habitable cells, and all of them had their isolated exit outside (excavated 6 such houses). Next to the settlement the cemetery (excavated 6 graves) was located. The special value of materials, which were obtained during those excavations carried out here in 1964 - 1967 and 1973 - 1975 by M. A. Bubnovoi consists in the fact that under the conditions of exceptional dryness (as in the castle on Mug mountain or in the cave on the mountain of Kuhi Surkh) here were preserved cloths, leather dressing articles, fragments of the documents on the paper, comprised in the Tajik language, and other organic materials, which usually can not be preserved . From the number of single findings of medieval epoch from southern Tajikistan it is necessary to note the collection of vessels from the region of Murgab.
|
|